Rubber fenders are resilient marine protection devices used to absorb kinetic energy and prevent damage during vessel-to-vessel or vessel-to-dock collisions. Key aspects include:

1. Construction: Rubber fenders are typically made from durable rubber compounds such as EPDM, SBR, or neoprene, reinforced with nylon, steel, or fiber materials for added strength and resilience.

2. Types: Rubber fenders come in various types and shapes to suit different applications and vessel sizes:

   • Cylindrical Fenders: Offer high energy absorption and low reaction force, suitable for general-purpose berthing.
   • D-shaped Fenders: Provide improved stability and force distribution, ideal for small to medium-sized vessels.
   • W Fenders: Feature a wide contact surface, offering high energy absorption and reduced shear forces, suitable for large vessels and ports with high tidal variations.
   • Pneumatic Fenders: Consist of an air-filled chamber enclosed in a rubber casing, providing superior energy absorption and low reaction forces. They are used in offshore terminals, ship-to-ship transfers, and temporary mooring.

3. Functions: Rubber fenders absorb kinetic energy generated during vessel impact, reducing the risk of structural damage to ships, quays, piers, and other maritime structures. They also provide cushioning and protection against abrasion and shear forces, extending the lifespan of vessels and infrastructure.

4. Installation: Rubber fenders are installed along quays, docks, piers, and vessels using chains, bolts, or other fastening methods. Proper spacing and alignment are essential to ensure effective protection and minimize the risk of damage during berthing or mooring operations.

5. Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance of rubber fenders are crucial to ensure their effectiveness and longevity. Inspections involve checking for signs of wear, damage, or deterioration, such as cracks, bulges, or loss of resilience. Damaged fenders should be repaired or replaced promptly to maintain port safety and operational efficiency.

6. Applications: Rubber fenders are used in various maritime applications, including commercial ports, container terminals, oil and gas terminals, naval facilities, and marinas. They provide essential protection for vessels, docks, bridges, and other waterfront infrastructure against collision damage and environmental forces.

In summary, rubber fenders play a vital role in safeguarding vessels and maritime infrastructure from collision damage and ensuring safe and efficient operations in ports and harbors worldwide. Proper selection, installation, and maintenance of rubber fenders are essential for maximizing their performance and enhancing port safety and efficiency.